History (from Greek ἱστορία -...
History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events.

History can also mean the period of time after writing was invent...
History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented.

It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and a...
It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events.

This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in...
This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present.

The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by ...
The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history.

Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehist...
Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehistory.

Amongst scholars, the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus ...
Amongst scholars, the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, forms the foundations for the modern study of history.

Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other ...
Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other parts of their world, have spawned many different interpretations of the nature of history which has evolved over the centuries and are continuing to change.

The modern study of history has many different fields including t...
The modern study of history has many different fields including those that focus on certain regions and those which focus on certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation.

Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary educatio...
Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in University studies.

The word history comes from the root *weid- "know" or "see"....
The word history comes from the root *weid- "know" or "see".

Ancient Greek ἱστορία means "...
Ancient Greek ἱστορία means "inquiry" or "knowledge from inquiry", from ἵστωρ (hístōr) "judge" (from the Proto-Indo-European agent noun *wid-tor: "one who knows").

It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Π&#...
It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι (Perì Tà Zôa Ηistoríai "Inquiries about Animals").

The ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested ear...
The ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes' oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions (in a legal sense, either "judge" or "witness", or similar).

It was still in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term ...
It was still in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about "Natural History".

For him, historia was "the knowledge of objects determined by spa...
For him, historia was "the knowledge of objects determined by space and time", that sort of knowledge provided by memory (while science was provided by reason, and poetry was provided by fantasy).

The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of...
The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story".

The restriction to the meaning "record of past events" arises in ...
The restriction to the meaning "record of past events" arises in the late 15th century.

In German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the s...
In German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the same word is still used to mean both "history" and "story".

Historian in the sense of a "researcher of history" is attested f...
Historian in the sense of a "researcher of history" is attested from 1531.

In all European languages, the substantive "history" is still use...
In all European languages, the substantive "history" is still used to mean both "what happened with men", and "the scholarly study of the happened", the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, "History", or the word historiography.

Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due r...
Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide lessons for their own society.

In the words of Benedetto Croce, "All history is contemporary his...
In the words of Benedetto Croce, "All history is contemporary history".

History is facilitated by the formation of a 'true discourse of p...
History is facilitated by the formation of a 'true discourse of past' through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race.

The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutiona...
The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse.

All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic fo...
All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record.

The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which...
The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past.

Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a resul...
Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the 'true past').

The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the...
The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and other times as part of the social sciences.

It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, in...
It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both.

Some individual historians strongly support one or the other clas...
Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification.

In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutioni...
In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history.

Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, eithe...
Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, either in writing or by passing on an oral tradition, and have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents and oral accounts.

For the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monu...
For the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monuments, inscriptions, and pictures.

In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated ...
In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.

But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes ...
But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes before.

Archaeology is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing...
Archaeology is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects, which, once unearthed, contribute to the study of history.

However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies a...
However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies and approaches which are independent from history; that is to say, archaeology does not "fill the gaps" within textual sources.

Indeed, Historical Archaeology is a specific branch of archaeolog...
Indeed, Historical Archaeology is a specific branch of archaeology, often contrasting its conclusions against those of contemporary textual sources.

For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of histori...
For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth apparent via the study of the total historical environment, despite the ideology of "liberty" inherent in written documents at this time.

There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, in...
There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically.

These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overl...
These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975.

" It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both t...
" It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization.

The area called Big History resists this specialization, and sear...
The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends.